Landmark EU rules targeting Google, Amazon.com, Apple, Meta Platforms and Microsoft are likely to set a global benchmark and may even force changes in the tech giants’ business models, lawyers and experts said.

Europe’s antitrust chief, Margrethe Vestager, on Thursday won backing from European Union members and EU lawmakers for her proposal, the Digital Markets Act (DMA), to rein in the powers of the tech giants via legislation for the first time, rather than lengthy antitrust investigations.

The DMA sets out a list of dos and don’ts targeting each tech giant’s core business practices.

“DMA is here to stay and will be quickly mirrored in a number of countries. The flexibility that big tech had will be constrained, as the regulatory ‘straitjacket’ will get tighter globally,” said Ioannis Kokkoris, competition law professor at Queen Mary University in London.

Vestager’s switch to legislation came amid frustration over slow-moving antitrust investigations that deliver remedies criticised by rivals as inadequate, with Google often cited as an example despite being hit with more than €8-billion in fines.

The new rules may even spur tech giants to rethink their strategy on long-term goals and swap their business models for others.

“If it succeeds, the DMA will put pressure on monopoly rents of gatekeepers in tipped markets, thereby encouraging them to move towards more long-term innovation targets,” said Nicolas Petit, professor of competition law at the European University Institute in Florence.

“I think the DMA indirectly places a premium on business models based on subscriptions or device-level monetisation. We might see more [increased] prices, and vertical integration into hardware in the future,” he said.

Enforcement

Still, enforcing the DMA will require a bigger team than the small group planned by the European Commission, said Thomas Vinje, a partner at law firm Clifford Chance in Brussels who has advised rivals in cases against Microsoft, Google and Apple.

“The commission suggested upon proposing the DMA that it would be enforced by a team of 80 people. This will not be enough to enable effective enforcement,” he said.

“Another big question is who in the commission will enforce it. Only DG Comp (competition officials) has the technical and industry knowledge and experience dealing with such companies to effectively enforce the DMA. If others in the commission, such as DG Connect (digital officials), are to enforce the DMA, it will be a dead letter.”

The DMA is just the first step towards making sure that tech giants play fair, said Alec Burnside, a partner at law firm Dechert in Brussels.

The degree of adverse impact on big tech will depend on the extent they can persuade the commission of the lack of any anticompetitive effect

“The DMA is not a perfectly formed panacea from the start, and without doubt gatekeepers will try to navigate around it. Rome was not built in a day, nor was the highway code perfect when first conceived,” he said. “New rules of the road for the digital economy will be shaped over the period ahead, and the DMA is a crucially important first step.”

There may be some wiggle room for the tech giants to dodge the full impact of the DMA, said Kokkoris.