The anonymity of bitcoin gained it myriad adherents among anarchists and drug dealers around the world. Now, though, it’s looking like the digital currency isn’t quite anonymous enough.
Consider the sudden popularity of Zcash and Monero, two new cryptocurrencies that offer confidential transactions.
When Zcash first became available last week, demand was so strong that its founders temporarily became paper billionaires.
Monero rose to fame after a popular marketplace in the dark Web — the portion of the Internet where people sell everything from guns to hacking tools — added it as a payment option.
The newcomers sense opportunity in one of bitcoin’s flaws: analytics companies — fueled by government research grants — have got really good at exposing users’ identities, which were supposed to be hidden by public keys that reduced them to a mere string of numbers and letters.
This is possible because all transactions are recorded in a permanent public ledger, allowing anyone to see the entire history of each bitcoin and all the activity of each account. A single payment to an online retailer can be enough to reveal a user’s identity, which in turn reveals everything that person has done with that account.
In other words, the same transparency that guarantees the validity of bitcoin transactions also allows people to find out whether a user’s bitcoin previously passed through dirty hands.
Such information is both an asset and a liability.
It’s useful for helping service providers make informed decisions about whether they want someone as a customer, but it can come with the responsibility of having to screen those customers to stay on the right side of the law.
The US government, for example, has outsourced some of its crime-fighting job by requiring financial institutions — including digital currency exchanges — to enforce anti-money-laundering regulations. Drug-dealing and tax evasion can be tough to stop at the source, but the perpetrators typically have to move money, so banks and exchanges are in a good position to identify and report illicit activity.
On the surface, privacy-preserving cryptocurrencies seem designed precisely to undermine such controls. Monero mixes multiple transactions together so that a source cannot be directly linked to a destination. Zcash creates shielded transactions where everything is hidden except for a string of data that proves the transaction is valid. Bitcoin also plans to add some of these features in the near future.
As bad as it looks, though, developers aren’t creating anonymous payment systems because they want to help criminals evade the law. They’re doing it because that’s the only way a decentralised currency can work. If, say, users have to evaluate the acceptability of each bitcoin based on its transaction history, then one coin can be worth more than another and the currency loses its reason for existence.
The dollar is successful because it’s pretty much always worth a dollar, backed by the full faith and credit of the US government. That’s true whether it’s freshly printed or old and torn, whether it has a pristine history or has passed through the hands of Al Capone. A publicly controlled digital currency doesn’t have that legal tender status and probably never will, so it must find some other way to achieve the same fungibility.
Anonymity achieves this by preventing merchants or service providers from seeing any blemishes that might prevent them from honoring a unit of currency. Reducing the opportunity for external judgment is pretty much the goal of privacy protection in general. Ideally, so little information is revealed that everyone — and every valid transaction — is treated equally.
Decentralised currencies arose because people wanted to transact in a digital world without having to ask permission. The extent to which this facilitates criminal activity depends entirely on the prevalence of criminal activity in the real world. Maybe that’s a problem that needs to be addressed outside the monetary system. — (c) 2016 Bloomberg LP