South Africa’s young yet lively venture capital ecosystem is building momentum, with the increased availability of funding mechanisms for innovation being one important driver of this growth. Practitioners in the industry point out that successful venture capital-backed businesses rely on far more than funding, with mentorship of entrepreneurs, access to networks and markets, and an enabling business and regulatory environment being some of the other essential components.

Typically, though, entrepreneurs perceive access to funding as the major stumbling block to the bringing to market of their start-up businesses or ideas. And, compared with the established and thriving venture capital networks in some developed-market economies, there is indeed much work to be done in finding financial backing for innovation in South Africa.

Successful models of innovation funding adopted elsewhere in the world entail meaningful support from government, ranging from direct funding to the creation of a supportive environment through sensible incentives that stimulate investment. South Africa gradually is establishing the foundation in this regard, with state funding for research and early-stage ventures available through various structures. An important role player is the state-funded Technology Innovation Agency (TIA), established to bring very early-stage ventures towards the point of viability and scalability. TIA last year announced that it would make R300m available for early-stage investment.

The Industrial Development Corp, another self-funded state-owned entity, also plays a pivotal role in financing innovation. Its venture capital fund is mandated to enable the conversion of technology-rich South African intellectual property into a market-ready product, and ultimately its commercialisation.

The department of trade & industry (DTI) offers funding support for start-ups through a wide range of mechanisms, including the SPII programme, an initiative which the IDC administers on behalf of the department. The DTI recently launched a dedicated website to make the selection and application for the various initiatives much simpler for entrepreneurs — a positive step in an environment mired in red tape.

Compared with government initiatives, private-sector funding for innovation in South Africa is less concentrated and fairly diverse in form, and has grown substantially in recent years. Institutional investment into venture capital funds by private-sector institutions is rare: pension funds, life insurers and banks, for example, are focused instead on funding more established technologies and businesses, usually through listed assets or private equity.

Venture capital funds rely on investment from corporate entities, government, development finance institutions and family offices. The number of South African funds, as well as the value and volume of transactions, is increasing. There is also substantial interest from offshore investors and funds for active participation in the local venture capital industry. Current legislation weighs on this process, though.

There has also been the establishment of angel networks, as angel investors are a critical part of the funding ecosystem and work closely with venture capital funds. Angel investors are wealthy individuals who usually are entrepreneurs in their own right, with an understanding of venturing and a passion for giving back to the start-up community. Their backing may come in the form of allocations into a venture capital fund, in which case they do not play a role in the selection of the underlying technologies and entrepreneurs. Angel funding in other instances is channelled directly to the entrepreneur, through regular pitching sessions held by dozens of incubators and accelerators across the country, or through the angels’ own networks.

An amendment in recent years to the South African Income Tax Act has created a welcome inducement for individuals, trusts and companies to invest into innovation. Section 12J of the act offers tax relief for allocations into qualifying and registered venture capital funds, and represents an important first step towards building a sensible and beneficial incentive structure for private sector venture funding.

Corporate investing into innovation is a further exciting trend in South Africa. Where large firms in years gone by had budgets for research and development that were overseen by in-house scientists, the move now is for companies to insource innovation by buying start-ups. In some cases these larger companies are seeing the benefits of offering the innovators early-stage business support services to increase the likely success of the commercialisation of the innovations.

Innovation takes time and by its nature is prone to uncertainty and risk. Boosting innovative activity in South Africa will require decisive implementation of wide-ranging support measures for creative thinking, business development, deepening of market networks and increased international collaboration. Carefully crafted funding options that embody the deployment of patient risk capital by both the public and private sector are one part of this solution. We’re on our way.