South Africans have been doing it for generations. Social lending, familiar to many in the form of groups like stokvels, has been a hallmark of how many people make do, outside of formal financial networks.
Thanks to the Web however, social lending, also known as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, has begun to take off in developed countries, with the rise of platforms such as Lending Club in the US and Zopa in Britain.
Similar P2P platforms have begun to spring up on South African soil, with the newest, Lendico, launched two weeks ago by African Internet Holding (AIH). It follows on the heels of home-grown RainFin, which has attracted such interest from traditional banks that Barclays Africa snapped up a 49% stake in the company earlier this year.
Players in the industry believe that P2P lending platforms are the long overdue digital challenger to the banking industry, which has so far escaped significant online competition. This is especially true in developed countries where banks’ reputations were sullied by their role in the financial crisis, and many needed huge government bailouts to stay afloat.
These sites are essentially digital money market places that match borrowers directly with lenders. Without a bank in the middle of the transaction, the interest rates for borrowers and those willing to invest in them and their projects are better. In Lendico’s case it positions itself as a direct “digital alternative to banks”.
Jeremy Hodara, AIH co-CEO, said P2P platforms have significant potential to leapfrog the traditional brick-and-mortar bank, particularly on the African continent, where AIH has launched a host of online businesses. While these platforms are distinct from banks, they are registered with the National Credit Regulator.
In the case of Lendico, borrowers register their loan requirement or project on the site for free. Loan projects can be anything from the consolidation of more expensive debt to renovations on a house, money for a wedding or the deposit on a flat. Lendico analyses borrowers’ credit worthiness and determines their interest rates in relation to their risk profile.
Borrowers are categorised in risk grades — for instance those with good credit records or “A grade” borrowers will pay interest rates of between 7,11% and 8,48%. Lower-grade borrowers with worse credit scores face steeper rates of between 13,7% and 21,56%.
Lenders can view the loan projects online and bid on whichever projects they prefer, starting with amounts as small as R250.
Lenders seeking to lend to A-grade borrowers can get returns estimated at between 5,73% and 7,2%, assuming an estimated default rate of somewhere between 1,32% and 1,92% in this class of borrower. Lenders willing to take risks on less credit-worthy individuals, such as E-grade borrowers, get returns of between 11,27% and 19,86%, with a higher estimated default rate of between 6,72% and 13,56%.
The term of the loans, which can stretch from one to five years, also affects the rate. To facilitate the transactions, Lendico charges between 1% and 3,5%.
RainFin follows a similar format, screening potential borrowers as well as the instances in which they default, listing poor repayers and initiating collection proceedings against them.
In RainFin’s case, lenders also bid for a loan, or group of loans, based on criteria such as interest rates and credit risk bands. Borrowers on the site provide an indicative maximum rate that they agree to borrow money at. According to RainFin CEO Sean Emery, the platform suggests a recommended rate that lenders lend money at, based on borrowers’ credit scores. But lenders can agree to lend at the maximum rate agreed to by the borrower, the recommended rate, or a lender can offer to lend at a different rate — although it cannot be more than the maximum rate a borrower agreed to upfront.
Social lending platforms
According to Emery, since June 2012, the median interest rate for borrowers has been in the order of 14,1%. One wholesale funder, which helped kick-start the marketplace, holds 42% of the loans. But the wholesale lender aside, the average return for lenders, after bad debt of about 5,2%, is in the region of 9,1%.
RainFin offers a friend-to-friend platform that exists outside of its credit-scoring universe. It essentially allows people who know and trust one another to lend or borrow from each other. RainFin acts as the intermediary, easing some of the interpersonal strain that comes with mixing financial affairs with friends and family.
The rates, Emery said, are substantially better than what banks are offering, both to the people who save with them, as well as the people who borrow from them. He pointed out that an individual with a good credit rating and earning a full-time salary, seeking an unsecured loan from a bank, typically ends up paying 13% to 16% interest.
Those who lack a regular payslip — the self-employed, for instance — are only likely to get loans at around 18% or higher, he argued. Home loans with a 20% deposit come at rates of around 8,5%, car loans at around 14% and credit cards carry rates of around 26%, he said.
“So on peer-to-peer platforms, if you as a lender lend to consumers with an [entry level] credit score, who have an average of a 4% default and you lend to them at 14% interest, you will have net earnings of 10% versus 5,5% at a bank, and they will pay a fee of 14% versus 19%,” said Emery.
Internationally the growth of social lending platforms has risen rapidly.
Increasingly, large financial sector players are taking notice of these platforms. Last year, the Financial Times reported how three investment banks — Bank of America, Citigroup and JPMorgan Chase — took out a collective £235 000 worth of loans from Lending Club, the largest social lending marketplace in the US.
In May last year, Lending Club announced that Google had bought a minority stake in the company, through a US$125m secondary investment round, which allows new and existing investors to acquire shares from existing investors. According to Lending Club statistics, it has facilitated just over $4bn in loans and it has more than doubled loan volumes each year since it began in May 2007. According to UK-based Zopa’s website, loans made via the platform stand at over £515m.
Hodara believes that although mainstream banks may be eyeing the P2P sector, any attempts to co-opt it are unlikely to work. “They won’t do it like a real, pure player,” he said. The history of e-commerce has shown that many traditional offline operators have struggled or failed to take their brands online, Hodara noted. Nevertheless, companies such as Lendico do need the skill and expertise of traditional financial players for the business to succeed, he said.
Drawing the eye of regulators
With the evolution of these platforms, however, has come the watchful eye of regulators. In 2008, after being ordered to halt business, Lending Club and P2P lender Prosper were required to list their loans as securities in the US with the Securities and Exchange Commission. UK financial watchdog the Financial Conduct Authority introduced new rules governing social lending platforms in April.
Locally, Emery admits there was initial uncertainty over how to treat RainFin’s operations from a regulatory standpoint. As RainFin does not take deposits but rather holds money in trust on behalf of other parties in the same way an estate agent or legal firm might; and as it does not raise money from the public for the sole purpose of on-lending, it does not require a banking licence. According to Emery it was decided, however, that the platform, and any transactions concluded on the platform, should operate under the principals of the National Credit Act, with responsible lending foremost in mind.
In the beginning, distressed borrowers dominated the platform, but this is slowly changing, said Emery. Increasingly, users are creditworthy individuals who don’t get regular payslips. As such, they fall outside of bank lending criteria, which he believes is heavily reliant on the “overlent” payslip market.
RainFin lenders, meanwhile, are entrepreneurial, looking for diverse investment opportunities and are attracted by the idea that they are lending to people much like themselves, rather than merely making a “massive bank bigger”.
But facilitating unsecured credit is simply “scratching the surface”, said Emery. RainFin is exploring introducing secured lending platforms, where assets such as cars can be provided as security. With Barclays on board, RainFin is planning to launch several different P2P product categories, from unsecured to secured loans, as well as small business loans and loans for entrepreneurs. With this in mind, he is hopeful that large asset managers could be convinced to participate.
Emery is mindful that RainFin is still a growing start-up; nevertheless, the aim is to “have a community of people who can get finance anywhere else in South Africa, but they [are] choosing to get finance with us because they want to be part of this revolution”.
Neither the South African Reserve Bank nor the National Credit Regulator responded to requests for comment. — (c) 2014 Mail & Guardian
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