LG Energy Solution is aiming to commercialise what’s been described as a game-changing battery-making technology by 2028, opening a path for the Korean cell manufacturer to become more competitive with Chinese rivals.
Companies from Tesla to Samsung SDI are working on dry-coating technology, a process that aims to replace the energy-intensive wet process for making cathode and anode electrodes — a key component of electric car batteries. The search for cheaper and more environmentally friendly ways to produce batteries is becoming increasingly urgent as electric vehicle demand cools.
“Among battery competitors, LG is the top” in terms of dry-coating technology, Kim Je-Young, who became LG Energy Solution’s chief technology officer in December, said in an exclusive interview at the company’s headquarters in Seoul. “We started 10 years ago.”
LG plans to complete a pilot production line for its dry-coating process in the fourth quarter, and start full-scale production in 2028, Kim said. It’s the first time LG has disclosed a timeline for commercialising the technology. Kim estimates the dry method can lower battery manufacturing costs by between 17% and 30%.
Tesla, which acquired a dry-coating start-up called Maxwell Technologies in 2019, has attempted to implement the technology to produce its 4680 battery cells in Austin, Texas, with limited success. Wet coating requires costly, energy-intensive steps of dissolving chemicals in toxic solvents that are then dried in a nearly 100m-long oven at temperatures as high as 200ºC on the battery production line.
With dry coating, battery makers can save on energy, equipment costs and space. They don’t have to invest in drying ovens or solvent recovery systems. Volkswagen, which is also trying to develop dry coating at its in-house battery company, PowerCo, has called the technology a “gamechanger” because it could enable companies to use 30% less energy and 50% less space.
The dry method
LG is betting on a leapfrog innovation like dry coating to bolster its efforts to compete with Chinese battery makers. Its share of the EV battery market has fallen to 12.6% so far this year versus 14.6% a year earlier. That’s due in large part to the expansion of Chinese players like Contemporary Amperex Technology and BYD. The average price of a lithium-iron-phosphate, or LFP, battery in China plunged 44% to $53/kWh through to April, according to BloombergNEF.
Batteries have three major components: two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) and an electrolyte that helps shuttle the charge between them. The materials used to make those components determine how much energy batteries store and at what cost.
Read: VW talks of EV battery breakthrough
Tesla promoted the dry method for electrodes on its battery day in 2020. But the US EV maker has only been able to implement the process on the anode part of the battery, not the cathode, according to Reuters. Tesla didn’t respond to a request for comment on its battery development.
Making the cathode with dry processing is more difficult than the anode because cathodes tend to be made from materials that are harder to handle, experts say.
The dry electrode manufacturing process that LG is developing can be applied to both cathodes and anodes, regardless of the size of the cathode particles, Kim said. Applying dry electrode manufacturing to cathodes with smaller size particles is very challenging, he added.
Aside from Tesla, companies including Panasonic Holdings, CATL, EVE Energy and Svolt Energy Technology are working on dry electrode technology to apply to the high energy-density 4680 cells, according to an April report from SNE Research.
“Everyone is jumping into this technology because Tesla started it,” said Park Chul-Wan, an automotive professor at Seojeong University. “All of Korea’s three battery makers are still at an early stage of the dry process.”
For equipment makers, the push for more efficient battery-manufacturing processes represents an opportunity.
Hanwha Momentum, a Seongnam-based unit of Hanwha Group that makes battery-production equipment, is studying the dry process with battery makers. Massachusetts-based start-up AM Batteries meanwhile has recruited veterans of Tesla’s efforts to help develop equipment for its spray method of dry-coating batteries.
Narae Nanotech, a Yongin, South Korea-based company that supplies coating for Apple iPhones and iPads, is also trying to break into the battery business by going for more low-hanging fruit. Rather than use a dry process, Narae is trying to improve the wet process by cutting the coating line by half using xenon flash lamps.
“The EV industry is now in a difficult phase of crossing the chasm and many people are considering different ways of production,” Jang Dong-Won, the CEO of Narae, said. “There’s demand for a totally different way of production to beat Chinese rivals.” — Heejin Kim and Gabrielle Coppola, with David Stringer, (c) 2024 Bloomberg LP