There’s about to be a new methane eye in the sky. SpaceX is scheduled to launch on Friday the Tanager-1 satellite.
The non-profit Carbon Mapper is behind the satellite and will make the data available once it’s operational in the coming months. Tanager-1 is the second methane-detecting satellite launched in the past six months by a non-profit, reflecting the growing scrutiny around the potent greenhouse gas and the satellites’ low cost relative to others used for atmospheric monitoring.
Developed by Planet Labs PBC with technology from Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Tanager-1 will be able to help pinpoint methane and carbon dioxide emissions from individual facilities. The satellite — no bigger than a mini-fridge — will attribute emissions within 50m of the source.
Carbon Mapper will focus on tracking methane “super emitters”, which include oil and gas wells, large livestock operations, landfills and industrial refineries. This is the first step in the plan from the Carbon Mapper Coalition — a philanthropically funded public-private partnership — to deploy a constellation of satellites to observe up to 90% of major sources of emissions globally.
The energy industry’s methane emissions are at near-record levels despite reduction pledges. Between 20% and 60% of methane emissions from US oil and gas basins come from just 1% of super-emitting sources. The gas is roughly 80 times more potent than CO² over 20 years, and better oversight of super emitters could pay major climate dividends.
The public emissions data could become a market mechanism according to Carbon Mapper CEO Riley Duren. “If you have empirical evidence of [methane leaks from] liquid natural gas, then you can differentiate between cleaner consumers and producers of natural gas,” he says.
Penalties
Businesses operating in countries aiming to clean up high-emitting sectors could rely on satellite data to shift supply chains. In May, the EU approved a law that will penalise liquid natural gas imports above a certain methane-intensity threshold starting in 2030. Additional regulations for monitoring and reporting methane intensity will come into effect in 2027 and 2028.
Duren adds that public data from Tanager-1 could assist with recent US government efforts to increase accountability for methane super-emitters. In June, the US department of energy and the Environmental Protection Agency announced US$850-million in funding to reduce methane pollution from oil and gas, and in July the EPA signalled intent to review its methane standards for landfills.
Leveraging satellite data, government regulators, environmental NGOs, journalists and super-emitters themselves will be able see where unexpected methane plumes emerge. Moreover, people who live near oil and gas fields will have greater information about when methane leaks threaten them.
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Carbon Mapper currently conducts aerial emissions surveys, which it has used to notify regulators about methane leaks. “In nearly 50% of the cases, more than half of what we were seeing was unknown to them,” Duren says. “We want to scale up that action globally.”
While aerial surveys allow for extremely precise measurements, satellites offer a global view that can track emissions in foreign jurisdictions where it’s challenging to dispatch planes and drones. Carbon Mapper’s plan to scale capitalises on a key advantage of emissions-tracking satellites: they’re cost effective.
Satellites that can measure atmospheric concentrations of various gases used to cost over $500-million apiece, Duren explains, sometimes surpassing $1-billion. Developed and launched by Nasa, those like the Orbiting Carbon Observatory were designed to answer specific scientific research questions.
“But if you’re launching a satellite to measure just methane and CO², it’s much cheaper than a satellite that measures all kinds of gases,” said Harvard professor Daniel Jacob, who specialises in atmospheric chemistry.
The Environmental Defence Fund launched a methane-tracking satellite with support from Google in March that cost $88-million. Tanager-1, along with a second satellite Carbon Mapper has in the works, cost a combined $130-million.
Methane-tracking satellites have proven to be valuable tools, though many government agencies are reluctant to use them to track emissions and set regulations. “It still feels a bit exotic,” Jacob explains. “It’s why the EPA prefers people having people walking around with handheld devices — which is an awful way to measure emissions. But they understand it more.”
Large oil and gas companies — including Petroleos Mexicanos and Kazakhstan firm Buzachi Neft — also dispute satellite data showing their pollution. In 2022, Pemex CEO Octavio Romero Oropeza posted a video of himself in a helicopter above an oil rig to claim satellites were falsely showing a methane leak.
But Jacob explains that “large point sources tend to be highly intermittent”. The monitoring that satellites offer is the key to showing when super-emitters have brief but environmentally damaging methane leaks.
LEO vs GEO
Tanager-1 will not be able to provide a constant watch, however. It will travel in low-Earth orbit a few hundred kilometres above the surface. Its path means it will take weeks or even months to return to the same location above the planet. During this time, methane leaks could emerge, be fixed and go undetected.
Jacob says one of the best solutions to this problem is using satellites in geostationary orbit. Those satellites stay perched over the same location roughly 36 000km above Earth. In March, scientists hacked a geostationary weather satellite to monitor methane with continuous, real-time coverage.
Carbon Mapper’s plan to scale its satellite programme could provide another solution. Duren says the nonprofit aims to ultimately have more than 10 satellites, which could potentially lower the return time to less than a day. — Alexander Battle Abdelal, with Aaron Clark, (c) 2024 Bloomberg LP