The Joe Biden administration’s new restrictions on technology exports to China could undercut the Asian country’s ability to develop wide swaths of its economy, from semiconductors and supercomputers to surveillance systems and advanced weapons.

The US commerce department on Friday unveiled sweeping regulations that limit the sale of semiconductors and chip-making equipment to Chinese customers, striking at the foundation of the country’s efforts to build its own chip industry. The agency also added 31 organisations to its unverified list, including Yangtze Memory Technologies and a subsidiary of leading chip equipment maker Naura Technology Group, severely limiting their ability to buy technology from abroad.

The moves are the Biden administration’s most aggressive yet as it tries to stop China from developing technological capabilities it sees as a threat. Depending on how broadly Washington enforces the restrictions, the impact could extend well beyond semiconductors and into industries that rely on high-end computing, from electric vehicles and aerospace to simple gadgets like smartphones.

Chinese state media and officials over the weekend raged against the action, warning of economic consequences and stirring speculation about potential retaliation. He Xiaopeng, the chairman and CEO of Chinese EV maker Xpeng, warned last month that escalating US restrictions on chip exports will set back the nation’s autonomous driving sector.

The two countries are now officially in an “economic war”, Dylan Patel, chief analyst at SemiAnalysis, said. A Chinese analyst said there is “no possibility of reconciliation” any longer.

“This is the US salvo against China’s efforts to build its domestic tech capabilities,” said Patel, who estimates the restrictions could reduce global technology and industry trade by hundreds of billions of dollars. “It’s the US firing back, making clear they will fight back.”

Chinese semiconductor stocks tumbled on the news. Bellwether Semiconductor Manufacturing International, better known as SMIC, fell as much as 5.2% in Hong Kong on Monday, the most since 15 August 15. Hua Hong Semiconductor plunged 10%, while Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics Group plummeted 25%.

Furious reaction

US officials said the new restrictions are necessary to stop China from becoming more of an economic and military menace. They are seeking to ensure the country’s chip makers don’t secure the capability to make advanced semiconductors.

China “has poured resources into developing supercomputing capabilities and seeks to become a world leader in artificial intelligence by 2030”, said US assistant secretary of commerce for export administration Thea D Rozman Kendler. “It is using these capabilities to monitor, track and surveil their own citizens, and fuel its military modernisation.”

Reaction in China was furious. The nationalistic Global Times newspaper warned the “savage attack on free trade” would have dire consequences for the US.

“Only arrogant and ignorant people can truly believe that the US can block the development of China’s semiconductor or other technology industries by these illegitimate means,” it said in an editorial. “The US hegemony in science and technology that harms others without benefiting itself may bring some short-term difficulties to China’s semiconductor industry, but will in turn strengthen China’s will and ability to stand on its own in science and technology.”

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Mao Ning said the measures are unfair and will “deal a blow to global industrial and supply chains and world economic recovery”.

“The reality is the US is determined to use chips as a tool to contain China,” Gu Wenjun, head of Chinese chip researcher ICwise, wrote in an online commentary. “There is no possibility of reconciliation.”

The new US regulations broadly limit chip makers from selling to China AI semiconductors and those that can be used for supercomputers. Nvidia warned in September that government restrictions on exporting AI chips to China could affect hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue, sending its stock tumbling.

Chip makers can request a US commerce department exception to those rules. But they should presume such requests will be denied, senior officials said.

The commerce department also put in place a raft of restrictions on supplying US machinery that’s capable of making advanced semiconductors. It’s targeting the types of memory and logic chips that are at the heart of state-of-the-art designs.

Specifically, the restrictions cover production of logic chips using so-called nonplanar transistors made with 16-nanometre technology or anything more advanced than that, 18nm dynamic random access memory chips and NAND-style flash memory chips with 128 layers or more. Generally speaking, the smaller the number of nanometres, the more capable the chip.

Analysts pored over the commerce department’s announcement that ran to more than 135 pages for implications. Chinese AI chip designers like Biren could face some restrictions on their orders with TSMC, according to Patel.

Stacy Rasgon and a team from Sanford C Bernstein explained the restrictions on AI, supercomputers and advanced chip-making equipment, while pointing out that the standard CPUs used in PCs and servers would not be blocked from export to China, as some had feared.

“The changes represent a further escalation, and we do not know what China might do in response,” the Bernstein analysts wrote. “Potential retaliation remains a risk.”

One question is how the US rules will affect the ability of companies like ASML Holding to sell into China. The Dutch company is the most advanced maker of equipment for producing semiconductors, effectively the most important arms dealer for chip makers around the world.

‘This is huge’

ASML has had to strike a challenging balance between the US and China. It has been selling its deep ultraviolet, or DUV, machines to Chinese customers, but has held back from selling its more advanced extreme ultraviolet, or EUV, machines. Under the new commerce department restrictions, the company may be limited from selling DUV technology to Chinese customers, too, Citigroup analysts wrote. Representatives for ASML didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment.

Patel of SemiAnalysis believes the unverified list is a serious threat to China’s tech ambitions. In the past, the commerce department cut off access to critical technologies for companies like Huawei Technologies when they were added to the so-called Entity List, meaning the agency had gathered evidence against them. The unverified list simply means the commerce department can’t verify that a company’s activities are safe.