In early 2015, the Belfast Telegraph sent reporter Kim Kelly undercover to visit Northern Ireland’s “worst” hotel — according to its online reputation. Kelly reported that although some TripAdvisor reviews had called it a “hellhole” and “dustbin”, she was pleasantly surprised with the “clean and compact” rooms.
This story is indicative of how important online reviews have become and the scepticism many have toward them. In a 2014, survey of Americans by the market research firm YouGov, 90% of respondents said that checking online reviews was an important part of shopping. An equal percentage believed that such reviews are sometimes manipulated — for motives not difficult to discern.
Online reviews affect merchants’ bottom lines. Multiple studies have shown that good reviews permit merchants to charge higher prices, increase restaurant bookings, and sales of books, hotel rooms and video games. Accordingly, review platforms are worth millions. TripAdvisor 2011’s IPO was valued at over US$3bn. In 2013, Amazon purchased Goodreads, the book review and discussion site, for $150m. Google had its own review acquisition spree, including Zagat in 2011 and Frommer’s Travel in 2012.
Beyond consumers, merchants, and review platforms, there’s another actor keen on benefiting from online reviews: illicit manipulators. From overseas “sweatshops” (that earn pennies per post) to the “boutique” reputation services for the rich, there is a vast market for online deceit. By finding patterns in posts (such as the ratio of positive to negative words) and activity (such as a negative review quickly followed by a positive one), studies estimate that 10%–30% of reviews are fake.
Similarly, Yelp discloses that about a quarter of its reviews are “filtered” as unreliable — they are not easily seen and are excluded from services’ average number of stars.
What to do? Some suggest the “social graph” as a solution: favouring the comments and activities of users’ friends over the recommendations of strangers. Instead of reading an anonymous review of an eatery, you are informed that your friend Alice enjoyed her sandwich there.
But this solution assumes that platforms themselves (and your buddy Alice) can be trusted. Review sites including Yelp have been accused of extorting merchants by rigging which reviews are seen depending on whether merchants paid for advertising — especially when Yelp’s own employees write a bad review after a merchant declines to advertise. So far, Yelp has prevailed in the courts and review platforms will continue to profit by manipulating the visibility of users’ praise and pillory.
Facebook was accused of abusing both its advertisers and end users with its “Sponsored Stories” program, which it described as “messages coming from friends about them engaging with a Page, app or event that a business, organisation or individual has paid to highlight so there’s a better chance people see them”. Businesses that had Page accounts were upset when they found they were having a more difficult time reaching their fans: on average, only 15% saw these Sponsored Story messages. If clients wished to reach more fans, they needed to pay for more Sponsored Stories; many complaints soon followed.
Worse yet, end users were surprised to find themselves appearing in Facebook ads. A plaintiff in a lawsuit against Facebook appeared in ads because she had “liked” an online French language course in hopes of getting a discount. Facebook is not alone. Google+ has “shared endorsements” and, in addition to its “promoted tweets”, Twitter will reportedly start filtering and shaping its users’ timelines later in 2015.
Additionally, moving to the social graph is only likely to implicate one’s acquaintances in the same game. Users, too, are tempted to exploit the social graph. When our friend Alice posted that she enjoyed the sandwich, perhaps it was because she also got a free drink for doing so? Shoppers click “like” in hopes of a discount and recommend products to acquaintances so as to get a referral fee. Much of this is driven by the extraordinary value of review today, the rapacious desire to rate and rank everything, the consequent dynamic of competition and the sense that everyone else is already doing it.
The social graph will not save us, it may very well make shills of us all.
- Joseph Reagle is assistant professor of digital communications at Northeastern University
- This article was originally published on The Conversation