US federal judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers held unconventional closing arguments on Monday in the antitrust trial between Epic Games and Apple, peppering both sides’ attorneys for three hours about how far she could — and should — go to change Apple’s App Store business.

App makers and regulators around the world are watching the trial and Gonzalez Rogers has hinted in sharp questions to Apple that she may be receptive to some of the Fortnite game creators’ allegations that Apple misuses its control over the App Store and hurts developers.

Last week, the federal judge said that Apple’s App Store profits from game makers looked “disproportionate”, but on Monday she questioned Epic on whether there was a way to address its concerns without forcing Apple to open the iPhone to rival app stores, as Epic has proposed.

That would be a sweeping change and “courts don’t run businesses”, she said. She also noted the windfall that a change would mean for Epic, whose own efforts to start a competing paid app store were discussed during the trial.

“Let’s be clear. Epic is here because if relief is granted, it goes from being a multibillion-dollar company to a multitrillion-dollar company. But it’s not doing it out of the goodness of its heart,” she said.

Epic’s lawyer, Gary Bornstein, stuck to the request Epic has made since filing the case last year: Force Apple to open up the iPhone to competing app stores and bar it from requiring developers to use its in-app payment system.

‘Concerned’

Gonzalez Rogers said that under Epic’s proposed changes, it is likely the company would pay Apple nothing, a fact that “concerned” her throughout the trial.

Epic CEO Tim Sweeney, who has driven the company’s legal strategy and attended the entire trial, is “attacking the fundamental way that Apple is generating revenue”, Gonzalez Rogers said. “There’s a reasonable argument that (Apple is) using these profits to benefit the whole ecosystem.”

At times, Gonzalez Rogers questioned other issues, such as an Apple rule barring developers from using e-mail addresses gathered from iPhone users to market ways to avoid Apple’s in-app purchase system. “Apple’s hiding of that information in a way that is not directly reflected to the consumer seems to be anticompetitive,” she said.

Throughout the day, Apple’s attorneys argued that Epic’s sweeping requests would make Apple just like the Android system, essentially decreasing consumer choice.

“Apple wants to keep its product differentiated,” Apple attorney Veronica Moye said. Anyone who wants third-party app stores “is free to go out and buy an Android device. The relief requested here is to force Apple to take a competing product off the market.”