A mysterious, anonymous entity known as “Satoshi Nakamoto” posted a white paper on 31 October 2008 entitled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”. It was the first time that the concept of bitcoin entered the world. But outside of the cypherpunk mailing lists — those promoting the use of privacy-enhancing technology — this event was hardly noticed. Ten years on, who hasn’t at least heard of the cryptocurrency?
On just nine pages, the white paper explained how the bitcoin system would work. Many attempts at electronic cash had already been made going right back to computer scientist David Chaum’s “Digicash” developed in the 1980s. Using an intricate dance of cryptography, Digicash enabled people to pay each other online anonymously, yet prevented users from sending the same money to two different people at the same time (the so-called “double spending problem”).
For a while, Digicash caught on. Even the likes of Deutsche Bank adopted it, and a growing list of merchants started accepting it. Compared to the credit-based systems of Visa, Mastercard and later Paypal, at least some people could see the benefits of a currency that allowed micropayments with extremely low transactions fees. Anyone with libertarian tendencies loved the idea of using a currency outside the control of any authority.
But Visa and Mastercard upped their game and won the battle for payment dominance. It seemed the struggle was over, but some cypherpunks refused to give up. Adam Back created “Hashcash” in 1997, which together with Wei Dai’s “b-money” (both cited in Nakamoto’s white paper) and Nick Szabo’s “Bitgold” were the last significant efforts to create an online cash system before bitcoin. The idea fizzled out following the dot-com bust of 2000-2002. It was only brought back to life by Nakamoto in 2008.
Nakamoto’s vision
Previous attempts came close to creating secure digital cash, but there was always one major problem they encountered: the need for a trusted third party like a bank to maintain the system in some way. Nakamoto’s white paper solved this problem by distributing the process of maintaining a totally transparent public ledger (known as the blockchain) among a network of competing “miners”. As long as one miner does not control more than half of the whole network of computing power, the system is secure.
Cryptography, computer science and now crucially an elaborate system of economic incentives all came together into a mind-blowing overall piece of ingenuity. The cypherpunk vision to enhance privacy, limit government power and increase its transparency had finally been realised.
Or had it? If there was any lesson to be learned from the failure of Digicash, it was that you could invent a brilliant system, but you had to convince people to use it, despite them never being able to come close to understanding how it actually works. With bitcoin, we have seen extraordinary hype, with astronomical price booms and busts, and thousands of spin-off cryptocurrencies and private blockchains that are all just variations of the original.
Ethereum is arguably one of the most significant spin-offs. It shows how blockchain technology can be combined with smart contracts, potentially providing a costless, decentralised way of replacing the colossal global army of trust-based service industries that conventional money relies on.
There is, however, only one existing blockchain that is consistent with Nakamoto’s vision: bitcoin cash, a so-called “hard fork” of bitcoin that generally shares the same history and protocol, except for two crucial details. The blocks on its chain are a massive 32 times larger than the original bitcoin, and growing. More transactions per block mean lower fees per transaction, paving the way for global adoption. Plus, built-in codes that were switched off in the original bitcoin, have been reignited, potentially allowing all the smart contract capabilities of ethereum.
Vision accomplished?
The white paper itself is not explicit about goals, but the main implicit aim is clear: to create a secure form of online cash that does not depend on a trusted third party. This has already been demonstrated as a concept. The only question that remains is, to what extent will it be adopted?
A recent clue to that question may lie right in the heart of London’s financial centre, Canary Wharf. Here, the Brewdog company recently launched a promotional event accepting bitcoin cash as payment. It is cheaper for them to process payments compared to credit cards, even allowing for the cost of them having to convert bitcoin cash back to pounds. Recently, computer companies Newegg and Microsoft have also started accepting bitcoin cash as payment.
More and more developing countries like South Africa are experimenting enthusiastically with new apps that store bitcoin cash like Centbee, which may help people who can’t open bank accounts. A new app developed in Spain called HandCashapp and an even bolder concept called The Money Button hint at a whole new paradigm of automatic click-based micropayments that could also spell the end of pop-up adds appearing on popular content online.
Nakamoto’s vision, in some sense, may have already been achieved, but will bitcoin cash permanently replace all fiat currencies and become one global money? The World Wide Web arrived in 1990, and you could argue it took a dramatic collapse and 20 years before its true commercial potential could be realised. In 2028, maybe it’s not unfeasible that the technology underlying bitcoin will do the same for global money and all trust-based financial, legal and other services.
- Jack Rogers is senior lecturer in economics, University of Exeter
- This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence
